Freshwater input in the Kongsfjorden (FIKO) Project Start: 2010-06-01 End:2020-12-31 FIKO project aims to acquire measurements of the chemical and physical characteristics of water masses in Kongsfjorden, and estimate the amount of fresh water released from glaciers, in order to study the interactions of this water with the warmer Atlantic waters. The dataset consist of water column profiles of pressure, temperature, salinity, fluorescence and turbidity located within the Kongsfjorden at Platform: MS Teisten - Kings Bay AS, vertical resolution 0.5 m Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2013: 48 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2014: 42 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2015: 82 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2016: 34 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2017: 5 water column profiles by SAIV A/S SD204 – CTD/STD Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2018: 41 water column profiles by SAIV A/S SD204 – CTD/STD Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2019: 12 water column profiles by SAIV A/S SD204 – CTD/STD Kongsfjorden_Krossfjorden_CTD_profiles_2020: 29 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe in 3 different areas: Krossfjorden, kongsfjorden at one transect along the fjord axis, off Bayelva river area.

The Italian project CASSANDRA is part of the international framework of the Synoptic Arctic Survey which seeks to collect oceanographic data in the Arctic Ocean in the two-year period 2020-2021 involving the coordination of many research vessels belonging to different nations. The aim is to determine the current state and major ongoing changes in the Arctic marine system by generating an oceanographic dataset that allows for a comprehensive characterization of Arctic hydrography and circulation, carbon uptake and ocean acidification, the distribution of possible pollutants, the functioning and productivity of organisms and ecosystems.

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored thermistor, collected by the Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered in the Krossfjord, Svalbard Island, since September 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Mesured properties: seawater temperature. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from moored CTD instruments, collected by the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since 9 September 2010. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: sea-water pressure, subsurface temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen in sea-water and turbidity. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

Timeseries recorded at the mooring S1, at nominal depth of 1000 m during different deployments. The scope of the measurements is to study the temporal variability of the thermohaline properties of the Norvegian Deep Water, and assosiated deep flow

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), collected by the Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered in the Krossfjord, Svalbard Island, since September 2020. This dataset come from a new sensor acquired in the context of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS with the aim to increase observation of essential ocean variables. This dataset contribute to the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: subsurface temperature and currents along the water column. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

The Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), operated by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR), has been active in the Kongsfjord of the Svalbard archipelago since September 9, 2010. The mooring line is equipped with various instruments placed at depths ranging from 30 to 90 meters in the water column. These instruments collect a wide range of physical and biogeochemical Essential Ocean Variables, including seawater pressure, temperature, conductivity, currents, dissolved oxygen concentration, PAR, fluorescence, turbidity, particle fluxes, nutrients, and ocean sound. This activity is part of the SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System), designed to monitor the impacts of climate change, such as the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Time series acquisition is ongoing and will continue, supported by the integration of this infrastructure into the Italian Marine Data Portal, developed under the ITINERIS PNRR project. This project also funds the enhancement of the research infrastructure with new sensors to improve measurement resolution, expand the number of EOVs measured, and support the continuous collection of long-term data. These efforts will further deepen our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored single-point acoustic current meter, collected by the Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered in the Krossfjord, Svalbard Island, since September 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: subsurface temperature and subsurface currents. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from moored surface buoy installed in the Kongsfjorden in proximity of the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI). The buoy is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The buoy was moored in September 2023 with the aim to expand the observation on the sea-surface layer and also on the athmosphere in the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. The buoy is equipped with sea surface temperature sensor positioned at 1m below the sea-level and meteorological station mounted at 2 m above the sea-leve. Mesured properties are seawater temperature, wind speed and direction, air pressure, air temperature, solar radiation and atmospheric humidity.

DOC fractionation: dynamic of POPs and trace metals Arctic DOC (ArcticDOC) The sampling design is projected to cover almost five sampling points in the Kongsfjorden. The sampling of surface water (approximately 100 liters for each sampling point) and sediment are aimed at the determination of persistent and emerging contaminants: POPs PFAS, CUPs, PPCPs, endocrine disruptors such as nonylphenols and bisphenol A. At the same time, with tangential-flow ultrafiltration, dissolved organic matter (DOM) will be characterized according to size fractions (colloidal and truly dissolved) and the distribution of contaminants associated to these fractions will be evaluated.