This dataset comprises measurements from moored surface buoy installed in the Kongsfjorden in proximity of the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI). The buoy is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The buoy was moored in September 2023 with the aim to expand the observation on the sea-surface layer and also on the athmosphere in the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. The buoy is equipped with sea surface temperature sensor positioned at 1m below the sea-level and meteorological station mounted at 2 m above the sea-leve. Mesured properties are seawater temperature, wind speed and direction, air pressure, air temperature, solar radiation and atmospheric humidity.

Atlantification of Arctic ocean is causing a sharp increase in temperature and salinity around Svalbard Islands and in Kongsfjorden. Such phenomenon and the input of sediment-rich glacial meltwater influence salinity, water column turbidity, and light penetration with ecological implications on the microbial features.

Aerosol particles that can aid the formation of ice crystals in clouds are known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). These particles play a critical role in Arctic cloud formation and regional climate. However, it remains challenging for global climate models (GCMs) to well represent Arctic INPs. To understand the biases in the GCMs, we compare simulated results from a GCM with long-term meteorological, aerosol, and INP measurements at one surface station in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. We find that the simulated aerosol properties are biased from the observations within one order of magnitude, due to uncertainties in modeling physical and chemical aerosol processes. Using soil samples collected from Ny-Ålesund, we derived a new fit that relates local HLD with INP concentrations. This fit shows strong ice nucleating ability at warm temperatures, indicating the presence of organic matter in local HLD. Incorporating the new fit for local HLD INPs along with parameterizations representing INPs from other terrestrial and marine sources, our model reproduces measured INP concentrations reasonably well. Our comparison highlights the importance of local HLD to the Arctic INP population. Our findings emphasize the need for long-term Arctic measurements and better representation of HLD in GCMs to improve the understanding in Arctic INP properties and their role in Arctic cloud formation.

This dataset comprises measurements from thermistor (SBE56) mounted on the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The mooring is placed in the Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since September 2010 and the thermistor at the nominal depths of 92 and 97 m was operative from June 2017 to August 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: sea-water temperature.