Terrestrial Photography ApplicationS on Snow covEr in Svalbard (PASSES) Project start: 2018-04-15 - end: 2021-12-31 The purpose of this activity is the development of a new snow product focused on the estimation of the fraction of snow cover in selected sites at different spatial resolutions. This dataset will be aimed to support the estimation of cryospheric information using remotely sensed data, with a particular attention to data obtained in the framework of the Copernicus program. The availability of this dataset in a natural laboratory such as Svalbard islands will support the reduction of the gap between remotely sensed data and modeling activities. This added value will be very important considering the higher spatial resolution of the sensors recently deployed. The dataset will be based on re-using data obtained from public repositories such as the digital elevation model of Svalbard, the available webcam imageries in Svalbard and satellite products from Landsat, Sentinel and MODIS missions. All the available data will be integrated in order to estimate the fraction of snow cover, at different spatial resolutions, for each satellite mission. These estimations, computed at different sites in Svalbard islands, will offer the opportunity to better integrate results obtained by remote sensing with modeling and air-snow interactions studies. Particular attention will be devoted to the formalization of agreements with raw-data providers in case of not-public licensing policies.

Ionospheric Scintillations Arctic Campaign Coordinated Observations (ISACCO) The aim of ISACCO is to perform a scintillation measurements campaign by a GNSS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monito) at Ny-Ålesund and Longyearbyen (Svalbard, Norway). The System consists of dual-frequency receiver with special firmware specifically configured to measure amplitude and phase scintillation. Starting from the end of 2015 a Septentrio PolaRxS_PRO receiver has been installed in one of the two observation sites in Svalbard, NyÅlesund, for the observation of all the available satellite constellations GALILEO, GPS, GLONASS at the Svalbard longitude.

The automated station to measures snow cover is operating at the Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower since 2010, which is in a tundra site almost flat, located in the Kolhaugen area. The station is part of a complex infrastructure where multi-disciplinary observations are routinely performed. Data were collected using an ultrasonic distance sensor. This activity is carried out in the framework of the SnowCorD project (SIOS Core Data).

Study of the noise generated by glaciers for quantification of geo-physical processes, wide band frequency acoustic recorders will be placed in the Kongsfjorden during the spring-autumn period. Moreover, the biological sound will be also collected and the interacting with the geo-physical and anthropogenic sounds will be evaluated. Instrument : SM2U.

terrestrial Photography ApplicationS on Snow covEr in Svalbard: Evolution of the fractional snow cover in the Broggerdalen area using ground-based cameras located at the Climate Change Tower in the Svalbard archipelago. Project Start date: 2018-04-15 End date: 2023-12-31

The automated nivological station was installed in November 2020 in a flat area over the tundra about 80 meters far from the Gruvebadet Atmospheric Laboratory and nearby a snow sampling site from where weekly snow samples are collected for chemical analysis. Sensors have been calibrated by their companies before installation and are connected to a datalogger for continuous acquisition. For all the parameters, data are logged with 10-minute time resolution and then averaged over 1 hour. This activity is carried out by the Aldo Pontremoli Centre part of the Joint Research Agreement ENI-CNR.

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Activities: - PM1 sampling by a High-Volume Sampler (TECORA eco-highvol equipped with digital PM1 sampling inlet, nominal flow 500 lpm) on pre-washed and pre-baked quartz-fiber filters (PALL, Ø= 18cm). Sampling time: 3-4 days per sample. - Off-line filter based AMS characterization of water soluble non-refractory sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and organic mass (NR-PM1). - Off-line filter-based spectroscopic characterization of the water-soluble organic mass in term of chemical functional groups and specific markers by means of proton-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR). - Source apportionment of organic aerosol by means of multivariate statistical techniques (namely Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF, and other factor analysis methods) applied on both AMS and NMR spectral datasets. Available data: -NMR functional groups (Aromatics, anomeric/vynilic, H-C-O, H-C-C=, H-C) -NMR tracers: Levoglucosan, Methane-sulphonic acid (MSA), Hydroxymethane-sulphonic acid (HMSA), Amines (mono-, di- and tri-methyl amines, etc.) -HR-TOF-AMS (off-line): main species (Org, SO4, NO3, NH4, Chl), elemental ratios (OM:OC, O:C, H:C) & tracer fragments (m/z43, 44, 60 etc.) -NMR & AMS OA source apportionment

Freshwater input in the Kongsfjorden (FIKO) Project Start: 2010-06-01 End:2020-12-31 FIKO project aims to acquire measurements of the chemical and physical characteristics of water masses in Kongsfjorden, and estimate the amount of fresh water released from glaciers, in order to study the interactions of this water with the warmer Atlantic waters. The dataset consist of water column profiles of pressure, temperature, salinity, fluorescence and turbidity located within the Kongsfjorden at Platform: MS Teisten - Kings Bay AS, vertical resolution 0.5 m Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2013: 48 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2014: 42 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2015: 82 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2016: 34 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2017: 5 water column profiles by SAIV A/S SD204 – CTD/STD Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2018: 41 water column profiles by SAIV A/S SD204 – CTD/STD Kongsfjorden_CTD_profiles_2019: 12 water column profiles by SAIV A/S SD204 – CTD/STD Kongsfjorden_Krossfjorden_CTD_profiles_2020: 29 water column profiles by SBE19plus CTD probe in 3 different areas: Krossfjorden, kongsfjorden at one transect along the fjord axis, off Bayelva river area.

Aerosol absorption coefficient at 3 wavelengths (470, 530, 670 nm) measured using a Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), manufactured by Radiance Research.