This dataset comprises measurements from moored Acustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), collected by the S1 Mooring, which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR) and National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS). The data was gathered on the Fram Strait south of the Spitsbergen in an open-sea area strongly influenced by both the interaction between Atlantic (northward-moving) and Arctic (southward-moving) waters as well as by the presence and winter formation of sea ice and atmospheric forcing. The easternmost part of the Fram Strait, relatively warm and salty Atlantic waters flow, bringing heat to the Arctic region and contributing to the Atlantification phenomenon. The processes responsible of the inter-annual and seasonal variability of the deep current flow in this open sea region are still unknown and also what the implications are related to ongoing climate change and in particular to the progressive decrease of sea ice cover in the winter period. To understand these dynamics, a deep-water oceanographic S1 Mooring was anchored at about 1040 meters depth, since June 2014. The dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. The ADCP mounted at 420 m measure: sea-water currents intensity and direction along the water column. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from moored sediment trap, collected by the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since 9 September 2010. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Mesured properties are: Total Sedimentation flux , Sedimentation flux of organic carbon in the water column, Sedimentation flux of total nitrogen in the water column, Sedimentation flux of CaCO3 in the water column, Sedimentation flux of non-metallic inorganic species (opal) in the water column, Sedimentation flux of Organic Matter in the water column, Sedimentation flux of lithogenic fraction in the water column. The zooplankton swimmers and sinkers collected by sediment traps are analysed in term of composition and morpho-functional traits.

This dataset comprises measurements from thermistor (SBE56) mounted on the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The mooring is placed in the Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since September 2010 and the thermistor at the nominal depths of 92 and 97 m was operative from June 2017 to August 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: sea-water temperature.

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored CTD instruments, collected by the Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered in the Krossfjord, Svalbard Island, since September 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Mesured properties: seawater pressure, temperature, conductivity, salinity, density, oxygen concentration. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from thermistor (SBE56) mounted on the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The mooring is placed in the Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since September 2010 and the thermistor is placed at the nominal depths between 62 and 69 m and is operative from May 2013. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: sea-water temperature. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored thermistor, collected by the Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered in the Krossfjord, Svalbard Island, since September 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Mesured properties: seawater temperature. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from moored CTD instruments, collected by the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since 29 May 2016 . This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: sea-water pressure, temperature, potential temperature, practical salinity, density, turbidity, fluorescence, PAR and dissolved oxygen in sea-water. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measured by the NOrwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at Ny-Alesund between 2002 and 2010 by using a Precision Filter Radiometer (PFR). AOD is provided at 500 nm and alpha in the spectral range (nm) 411.9-862.5.

This dataset comprises measurements from moored Acustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) installed on the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The mooring is active in the Kongsfjord, Svalbard Island, since 9 September 2010. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: ocean currents along the water column from 95m depth until surface and sea water temperature. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD), Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Fluorescence, and Turbidity were collected during upcast profiles at discrete depths of Niskin bottle closure. Biogeochemical data were obtained from laboratory analyses of the water samples collected from Niskin bottles at discrete depths along the zonal transect at 75°N in September 2021. Project PRA CASSANDRA. Italian National Research Council - Institute of Polar Sciences data from a local source. The data originators are the CNR-Institute of Polar Science and the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, OGS, Trieste, Italy;