The automated nivological station was installed in November 2020 in a flat area over the tundra about 80 meters far from the Gruvebadet Atmospheric Laboratory and nearby a snow sampling site from where weekly snow samples are collected for chemical analysis. Sensors (Pt100 1/3 DIN) have been calibrated by their companies before installation and are connected to a datalogger for continuous acquisition. For all the parameters, data are logged with 10-minute time resolution and then averaged over 1 hour. This activity is carried out by the Aldo Pontremoli Centre part of the Joint Research Agreement ENI-CNR, in the framework of the SnowCorD project (SIOS Core Data).

The Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), operated by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR), has been active in the Kongsfjord of the Svalbard archipelago since September 9, 2010. The mooring line is equipped with various instruments placed at depths ranging from 30 to 90 meters in the water column. These instruments collect a wide range of physical and biogeochemical Essential Ocean Variables, including seawater pressure, temperature, conductivity, currents, dissolved oxygen concentration, PAR, fluorescence, turbidity, particle fluxes, nutrients, and ocean sound. This activity is part of the SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System), designed to monitor the impacts of climate change, such as the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Time series acquisition is ongoing and will continue, supported by the integration of this infrastructure into the Italian Marine Data Portal, developed under the ITINERIS PNRR project. This project also funds the enhancement of the research infrastructure with new sensors to improve measurement resolution, expand the number of EOVs measured, and support the continuous collection of long-term data. These efforts will further deepen our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

The Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), operated by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR), has been active in the Krossfjord of the Svalbard archipelago since September 9, 2020. The mooring line is equipped with various instruments placed at depths ranging from 65 to 300 meters in the water column. These instruments collect a wide range of physical and biogeochemical Essential Ocean Variables, including seawater pressure, temperature, conductivity, currents, dissolved oxygen concentration, turbidity, particle fluxes and ocean sound. This activity is part of the SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System), designed to monitor the impacts of climate change, such as the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Time series acquisition is ongoing and will continue, supported by the integration of this infrastructure into the Italian Marine Data Portal, developed under the ITINERIS PNRR project. This project also funds the enhancement of the research infrastructure with new sensors to improve measurement resolution, expand the number of EOVs measured, and support the continuous collection of long-term data. These efforts will further deepen our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored single-point acoustic current meter, collected by the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since 10 September 2010. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: subsurface temperature and subsurface currents. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored CTD instruments, collected by the Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered in the Krossfjord, Svalbard Island, since September 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Mesured properties: seawater pressure, temperature, conductivity, salinity, density, oxygen concentration. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from moored CTD instruments, collected by the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since 29 May 2016 . This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: sea-water pressure, temperature, potential temperature, practical salinity, density, turbidity, fluorescence, PAR and dissolved oxygen in sea-water. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

The automated nivological station was installed in November 2020 in a flat area over the tundra about 80 meters far from the Gruvebadet Atmospheric Laboratory and nearby a snow sampling site from where weekly snow samples are collected for chemical analysis. Sensors have been calibrated by their companies before installation and are connected to a datalogger for continuous acquisition. For all the parameters, data are logged with 10-minute time resolution and then averaged over 1 hour. This activity is carried out by the Aldo Pontremoli Centre part of the Joint Research Agreement ENI-CNR.

The Aldo Pontremoli Mooring (MAP), operated by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR), has been active in the Kongsfjord, located in the Svalbard archipelago, since September 11, 2020. It is situated near the mouth of Bayelva River mouth and is influenced by land terminating glaciers and the release of permafrost. Currently, the mooring line is equipped with various instruments positioned at depths ranging from 22 to 97 meters within the water column. These instruments collect a wide array of physical and biogeochemical Essential Ocean Variables, including seawater pressure, temperature, conductivity, salinity, currents, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, particle fluxes and dissolved carbon dioxide concentration. This activity is part of the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), which aims to monitor the impacts of climate change, such as the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Time series acquisition is ongoing and will continue, supported by funding from JRA ENI-CNR. The project's goal is to analyse the environmental feeback related to the material released into the marine environment due to permafrost melting. Reactivated permafrost can have significant consequences for both climate and the environment by contributing to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and pollutants into aquatic ecosystems.

This dataset comprises measurements from moored CTD instruments, collected by the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Island, since 9 September 2010. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Measured properties are: sea-water pressure, subsurface temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen in sea-water and turbidity. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.

This dataset comprises measurements from a moored CTD instruments, collected by the Krossfjord Italian Mooring (KIM), which is managed by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR). The data was gathered in the Krossfjord, Svalbard Island, since September 2020. This dataset is also part of the SIOS-Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, developed to observe the impacts of climate change, including the rapid loss of sea ice cover, the retreat of local glaciers, and the Atlantification of Arctic seas. Mesured properties: seawater pressure, temperature, conductivity, salinity, density, oxygen concentration. The acquisition of this time series data is still ongoing and will continue, bolstered by the inclusion of this infrastructure within the framework of the Italian PNRR project ITINERIS. This ensures sustained data collection and further enhances our understanding of the observed environmental changes.